International Brigade Memorial Trust
In the run-up to the Spanish Civil War at 90 conference at the People’s History Museum in Manchester on 11 July, the museum spoke to journalist GIDEON LONG, whose grandfather Sam Wild fought in the war with the International Brigades. See the full interview with images from the museum’s archives here.
What caused the Spanish Civil War?
In July 1936, army generals staged a coup against the leftwing Popular Front government that had been elected in February that year. The coup was only partially successful; some parts of Spain fell to the rebel generals while others remained loyal to the Republic, plunging Spain into war.
Why did British people sign up to fight in the Spanish Civil War?
Faced with war, the Spanish Republic tried to buy arms and enlist support from Europe’s democracies, notably Britain and France. Meanwhile, the Nationalist forces led by general Francisco Franco were backed by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. Rather than coming to the aid of the Republic, Britain and France signed a non-intervention pact, refusing to back either side. Many people around the world were disgusted by this denial of help to a young democracy. They saw the rising threat of fascism in Europe and regarded Spain as a battleground where it could, and should, be opposed. So, people went to Spain to fight in defence of the Republic and Spain’s leftwing government. In all, 35,000 men and women from around 50 countries made the journey, either to fight or work as medics and ambulance drivers. The vast majority were working people motivated by their political convictions. Around 2,500 volunteers went from Britain and Ireland, 500 of whom were killed in the war.
Sam Wild in Spain.
Why did your grandad sign up to fight in Spain?
My grandad Sam Wild (1908-1983), was a working class man from Manchester who’d been involved in the National Unemployed Workers’ Movement in the 1930s. He’d also spent time in the navy, where he’d developed a disdain for what he described as ‘the boss class’. Interviewed later in life about why he went to Spain, he said:
“I’d watched Mussolini in Abyssinia, saw what Hitler was doing in Germany, the persecution of the Jews, the trade unionists and the communists, the establishment of fascism in Portugal, the Japanese in the Far East. I came to the conclusion that fascism was determined to conquer the world and it was about time someone started doing something about it. It was a profound political feeling. That was the only thing that you could do that would be of any benefit to democracy as a whole, and to the Spanish people in particular: fight.”
One of the artefacts in the People's History Musem is a fan signed by International Brigaders in Spain.
What did your grandad do with the International Brigades in Spain?
He arrived in early 1937 and was given some rudimentary military training before fighting at the battle of Jarama near Madrid. He received four bullet wounds but survived and went on to fight at the battles of Brunete, Belchite, Teruel and across eastern Spain. By late 1938 he was the commander of the British battalion of the International Brigades and led them at the battle of the Ebro, the last, big, decisive clash of the war. The Republicans lost at the Ebro and in late 1938 Sam and other survivors were withdrawn from the conflict and made their way home.
What was the impact of the Spanish Civil War on ordinary people?
In Spain, devastating. Around half a million people died and Franco’s victory ushered in four decades of authoritarian rightwing dictatorship that only ended with his death in 1975. As with all civil wars, the conflict ripped families apart, pitting fathers against sons, brothers and sisters against one another, and leaving deep scars. I’ve worked as a journalist in Spain and to this day many Spaniards are reluctant to talk about the conflict. In Britain, the Spanish cause galvanised the left. My grandmother, Sam’s wife Bessie, was among many who worked in the Aid for Spain Movement, raising funds to buy food for the Republic. Some British families took in Republican refugees – notably children from the Basque country – who had fled the conflict.
Plaque at 57 Birch Hall Lane, Manchester, commemorating Sam Wild.
How has the Spanish Civil War been remembered?
In many ways, it is, or was, a forgotten war. In Spain itself, Franco suppressed all discussion of the conflict (unless it glorified his own victory). And in the rest of the world, it was overshadowed by World War II. In recent decades historians have taken more interest in the Spanish Civil War, and in Spain, people are grappling with its consequences. Mass graves are being unearthed and Franco’s legacy has been reassessed. In Britain, a ceremony is held each year at Jubilee Gardens in London to remember those who fought and died in the International Brigades. This year’s commemoration will be held on Saturday 4 July.
Gideon Long (left) at the People's History Museum.
